Mark W. Johnson and Loet Leydesdorff
Redundancies in the Communication of Music:
An operationalization of Schutz’s “Making Music Together.
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 1-17 doi:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/sres.2738 (Open Access)
We elaborate Alfred Schutz’s theory of musical communication
empirically. Our technique for analysing musical communication aligns
Schutz’s sociological theory with the mathematics of anticipatory
systems. Music, we argue, can be considered as an anticipatory system
which articulates through its diachronic unfolding, fundamental
symmetries which can be traced back to its initial moments. Following
Bohm and Dubois we argue that these symmetries are present in fractal
structures which gradually increase in definition as the music
progresses. Critically, we focus on the role of redundancy in this
process of providing increasing definition.
By analysing the entropy of musical data—Bach’s Sinfonia no. 9—we show
how graphs of relative entropies can be produced from which a fractal is
constructed. In arguing that coherence in music can be established
through the alignment of self-similar patterns, the connection between
Dubois’ anticipatory systems and Schutz’s characterisation of the
dimensions of musical communication shows how redundancy underlies
musical coherence.
** apologies for cross-postings
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